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Surveying in Engineering

   Surveying in Engineering

  By S. Islam - 10 jul 2020


Surveying is the most important part in Civil engineering as well as Construction Engineering. Without Surveying we can't start a construction such as road , railways , irrigation, canals , bridge etc . 

Content 
1. Definition of Surveying in Civil Engineering .
2. What is Levelling .
3. Uses of Surveying .
4. Classification of Surveying .
5. General principle of Surveying .


SURVEYING :- Surveying is the art of dermining the relative position of
different object on the surface of the earth.By measuring the horizontal
distance between them and preparing a map to any suitable scale thus
in this discipline the measurement are taken only in the horizontal plane .
        Or We can say  Surveying is nothing but data collection .


Lvelling :- Levelling is the art of dermining the relative vertical point on
the surface of the earth , in the case of levelling the measurement are
taken only in the vertical plane .


Uses of Surveying -
        Surveying can be used for verious application . Some of the application are given below
1. To prepare a topographical map
2. To prepare a cadastral map
3. To prepare a contour map
4. To prepare a engineering map
5. To prepare a military map etc

Topographical map - Topographical map is the map which shows hills , valleys , river , villages , town , Forest of a country .






Cadastral map - Cadastral map is the map in which we get the information about boundaries of a field , house and other properties , this map is used for to find out the exact plot number of a land and quality and quantity of the land etc .





Contour map -  By using this map we can determine the capacity of a canal reservoir , to find the best possible route for  road or railways  etc .





Engineering map - engineering map is the map which shows the detail of engineering works such as roads , railways , irrigation , canals , reservoirs  building construction , plane of a Building etc .





Military map -  Military map is used to get information about the road and railways communication with different parts of a country and the map also shows the different strategic point for defence of a country .





Classification of Surveying :- 

 1. Primary Classification
a. Plane Surveying :- We know that the shape of earth is spheroidal
, thus the surface of earth is obviously curved . But in plane
Surveying the curvature of earth is not taken in to consideration .
The plane Survey is done over the small area . Here the surface of
the earth is considered as plane . The plane Survey is done on an
less than 250 km2
.
b. Geodetic Surveying :- In geodetic Surveying the curvature of
earth is taken into the consideration . This survey is done over a
large area geodetic Surveying is carried out over an area
exceeding 250 Km2
.
2. Secondary Classification :-
a. Based on instruments :- Chain Surveying , Compas
Surveying, plane table Surveying , theodolite Surveying,
tacheometric Surveying etc .
b. Based on Method :- Triangulation Surveying and Traverse
Surveying
c. Based on objects :- Geological Surveying, Archeological
Surveying, Mine Surveying .
d. Based on nature of field :- Land Surveying , Marine Surveying
, Astronomical Surveying

 General principle of Surveying :-

The general principle of Surveying are
1. To work from the whole to the part and
2. To locat a new station by at least two measurement from fixed
reference point



Conclusion :-  Surveying is the most important thing in engineering field , we have learnt Surveying, levelling , uses of Surveying, classification of Surveying , general principle of Surveying etc .

Thank you .
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